本書內容豐富生動，數據翔實，配有大量圖表和照片，語言簡明易懂。在每章開始均列出本章概要和學習目標，使學生對將要學習的內容有的了解。每章中安排了“走向綠色”、“科學、政治與政策”、“問題-分析”、“關注”模塊，通過具體事例討論環境問題的解決方法。各章后給出簡要總結、復習思考題等，供讀者進一步學習利用。
本書從科學的和社會的角度，分析了當今的環境問題。書中主要介紹了環境問題的復雜性和多樣性、生態學原理及其應用、能源與環境問題、人類對生態系統的影響、各種環境污染問題及環境政策。內容不僅涉及到科學和技術領域，而且涉及與之相關的倫理、道德問題。本書內容豐富生動，配有大量圖表和照片，語言簡明易懂。書中設置了多種模塊幫助讀者理解學習。可用作高等學校各專業環境科學課程的教材，也可供對環境保護感興趣的讀者閱讀
Eldon D.Enger：美國DeltaCollege生物學榮譽退休教授。從事生物學、動物學、環境科學等課程教學30多年，潛心教學方法研究，主要從事生態學領域的科學研究。Bradley F.Smith：曾任Western Washington University系主任，美國環保局環境教育辦公室主任等職務。曾在美國和加拿大進行教學和科研，在國際舞臺上宣傳環境保護。從事政治科學和環境科學領域研究。
CHAPTER 1 Environmental Interrelationships 1
CHAPTER 2 Environmental Ethics 17
CHAPTER 3 Risk, Economics, and Environmental Concerns 39
CHAPTER 4 Interrelated Scientific Principles: Matter, Energy, and Environment 58
CHAPTER 5 Interactions: Environments and Organisms 77
CHAPTER 6 Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities 109
CHAPTER 7 Populations: Characteristics and Issues 142
CHAPTER 8 Energy and Civilization: Patterns of Consumption 173
CHAPTER 9 Nonrenewable Energy Sources 188
CHAPTER 10 Renewable Energy Sources 214
CHAPTER 11 Biodiversity Issues 234
CHAPTER 12 Land-Use Planning 266
CHAPTER 13 Soil and Its Uses 290
CHAPTER 14 Agricultural Methods and Pest Management 315
CHAPTER 15 Water Management 337
CHAPTER 16 Air Quality Issues 370
CHAPTER 17 Climate Change: A Twenty-first Century Issue 393
CHAPTER 18 Solid Waste Management and Disposal 409
CHAPTER 19 Environmental Regulations: Hazardous Substances and Wastes 425
CHAPTER 20 Environmental Policy and Decision Making 447
A ppendix 1 471
A ppendix 2 472
G lossary 474
C redits 481
I ndex 483
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chapter Environmental Interrelationships 1 CHAPTER OUTLINE 環境交叉關系The Important Role of Wolves in Yellowstone
1.1 The Nature of Environmental Science 1.2 Emerging Global Issues GOING GREEN: Individual Decisions Matter 5 FOCUS ON: Campus Sustainability Initiative 6 SCIENCE, POLITICS, & POLICY: National Security Policy and Climate Change 13 ISSUES & ANALYSIS: Government Regulation and Personal Property 14
本章概要
黃石國家公園狼的重要作用 ..................環境科學的特性 ..................新興的全球問題走向綠色：個體的決定.... 關注：推動可持續發展校園活動.... 科學、政治與政策：國家安全政策與氣候變化...... 問題與分析：政府法規與個人財產......
Environmental science is the study of interrelationships between humans and the natural world. This farmer in Uganda has cleared a portion of the original forest to create this small farm, which supplies food and income for the family.
環境科學是研究人與自然世界相互關系的學科。烏干達農民砍掉一片原始森林建成小農場，以為家庭提供食物和收入。
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
. Recognize that the field of environmental science includes social, political, and economic aspects in addition to science. . Describe examples that illustrate the interrelated nature of environmental science. . Understand why most social and political decisions are made with respect to political jurisdictions but environmental problems do not necessarily coincide with these human-made boundaries. 學習目標
閱讀完本章后，你應該能夠：
. Understand the concept of sustainability. . Recognize that human population growth contributes to environmental problems. . Recognize that people rely on the services provided by ecosystems. . Understand that food security is an issue for many people in the less-developed world. . Recognize that there are governance issues that make it difficult to solve environmental problems.....認識到環境科學涉及社會、政治和經濟等方面，而不僅僅是科學問題 ....列舉體現環境科學交叉關系特性的實例 ....了解為什么大多數社會及政治決策是基于政治權限做出的，但是環境問題 并不一定與這些人為的邊界相符合 ....了解..可持續性..概念 ....認識到人口增長會引發環境問題 . Recognize that the quality of the environment has an important impact on human health. . Understand that personal security incorporates economic, political, cultural, social, and environmental aspects. . Describe environmental impacts of globalization. . Recognize the central role energy use has on environmental problems. ....認識人類依靠生態系統提供的服務 ....了解食品安全是欠發達地區很多人面臨的問題 ....認識到政府管理問題會造成解決環境問題的困難 ....認識到環境質量對人類健康有重要影響 ....了解安全涉及經濟、政治、文化、社會和環境等方面 ..敘述全球化的環境影響 ....認識到能源利用對環境問題的重要作用1
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The Important Role of Wolves in Yellowstone
Early explorers of the lands west of the Mississippi River told of a place with fantastic geysers, mud pots, and other thermal features. They also told of abundant wildlife and rivers filled with fish. After several official government expeditions confirmed these tales, Yellowstone National Park was established as the world’s first national park in 1872. As more people settled in the west and ranches and farms were established, there was pressure from farmers and ranchers as well as hunters to reduce the number of predator species on public lands in the west. It was also a generally held idea that predators reduced the numbers of elk, deer, and other species preferred by hunters. Thus the U.S. Congress in 1914 provided funding to eliminate wolves and other predators on public lands including national parks. By 1926 wolves had been eliminated from Yellowstone. The lack of wolves led to a cascade of unintended consequences:
. Since hunting of species other than predators was prohibited in the park, the population of elk increased. In addition, coyotes, which are normally killed by wolves, increased greatly. By 1935, park managers felt that overgrazing by the large population of elk was beginning to destroy the park’s habitat. Therefore, a program of harvesting elk, bison, and pronghorns was instituted to protect the habitat. This program was discontinued in the 1960s as better knowledge of the habitat indicated that it was not overgrazed. . Coyotes greatly reduced the number of small mammal species such as mice, squirrels, and rabbits. . The number of pronghorn antelope also decreased because coyotes killed newborn pronghorns. . Populations of cottonwood and willows along streams declined substantially due to browsing by elk. Eventually, as park managers and biologists began to understand the profound changes caused by the elimination of wolves, the decision was made to reintroduced wolves to Yellowstone National Park. The initial introduction of 31 wolves in 1995 and 1996 has resulted
in a current population of about 100 wolves. Several changes to the Yellowstone ecosystem can be directly attributed to the alterations brought about by the return of wolves:
. Wolves kill and eat elk. This has resulted in a significant reduction in the size of the elk herd from about 19,000 prior to wolf reintroduction to less than 4,000 now. . The presence of wolves also has modified the behavior of elk. Because they must be more vigilant and move about more because of the predatory behavior of wolves, elk spend less time feeding on willow, cottonwood, and aspen. Both the change in behavior and the reduced size of the elk herd have allowed the regeneration of stands of cottonwood and willow along rivers. This has in turn resulted in increased numbers of beavers that use these streamside trees for food. The dams built by beavers tend to slow the flow of water and increase the recharge of groundwater. Furthermore, the stands of willow along the banks of streams cool the water and improve fish habitat. The stands of willow also provide needed habitat for some songbirds. . Wolves directly compete with coyotes and kill them if they have the opportunity. Thus, since the reintroduction of wolves the coyote population has fallen significantly. There is evidence that the populations of the prey of coyotes—voles, mice, and other rodents—have increased. The increased availability of this food source has resulted in an increase in the number of foxes, hawks, and owls. Thus, it is fair to say that the reintroduction of the wolf has changed how water flows through the landscape and has led to increased populations of many organisms—willow, cottonwood, beaver, songbirds, foxes, certain rodents, hawks, and owls; and to the decline in the population of other organisms—coyote and elk. Truly this is a story that illustrates the point made by the early naturalist John Muir (1838–1914)—Tug on anything at all and you’ll find it connected to everything else in the universe.
Wolves reintroduced Elk decline Willows increase Beavers increase
CHAPTER 1
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