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Contents of the Web site

Preface

To students

How to use this book

To tutors

Part 1 Writing reports

1 Getting started

1.1 Experienced students, inexperienced students,

and the report

1.2 Writing the report

1.3 The importance of references in text

1.4 The practical report and the research paper

1.5 Finding references for your INTRODUCTION

1.5.1 How to structure your reading and what

to look for

1.5.2 Generating potential references

1.5.3 Locating the references

1.5.4 Rubbish and temptation on the Internet

1.6 Ethics

1.7 The rest of the book and the book's Web site

2 The INTRODUCTION section

2.1 The first part of the INTRODUCTION: reviewing the

background to your study

2.2 Inexperienced students, experienced students,

and the INTRODUCTION

2.3 Your own study

3 The METHOD section

3.1 The DESIGN subsection

3.2 The PARTICIPANTS subsection

3.3 The APPARATUS or MATERIALS subsection

3.4 The PROCEDURE subsection

3.5 Interacting with and instructing participants

3.6 Optional additional subsections of the METHOD

3.6.1 Pilot test

3.6.2 Ethical issues

3.6.3 Statistical power

3.7 Writing a METHOD when your study is not

an experiment

4 The RESULTS section

4.1 Describing the data: descriptive statistics

4.2 Analysing the data: inferential statistics

4.3 An example RESULTS section

4.4 Nine tips to help you avoid common mistakes in

your RESULTS section

4.5 Rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis

4.6 Reporting specific statistics

4.6.1 Chi-square, Z2

4.6.2 Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rho), rs

4.6.3 Pearson's product moment correlation

coefficient, r

4.6.4 Mann-Whitney U test, U

4.6.5 Wilcoxon's Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test, T

4.6.6 Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance, H

4.6.7 Friedman's ANOVA, ;(2r

4.6.8 The independent t test, t

4.6.9 The related t test, t

4.6.10 Analysis of variance (ANOVA), F

4.6.11 Four tips to help you avoid common mistakes

when reporting ANOVA

4.6.12 Linear regression

4.6.13 Statistics of effect size

4.7 What you can find on the book's Web site

4.8 What you can find in the statistics textbooks

paired with this book

5 The DISCUSSION section

5.1 How well do the findings fit the predictions?

5.2 What do the findings mean?

5.3 What are the implications of these findings?

5.4 What to do when you have been unable to

analyse your data properly

5.5 External validity: the generalizability of findings

5.6 Six tips to help you to avoid some common

failings in the DISCUSSION

5.7 Two example DISCUSSION sections

5.7.1 The cheese and nightmare experiment

5.7.2 The mnemonic experiment

5.8 Writing a DISCUSSION when your study is not

an experiment

6 The TITLE and ABSTRACT

6.1 The TITLE

6.2 The ABSTRACT

7 REFERENCES and APPENDICES

7.1 The REFERENCES section

7.2 General rules for the REVERENCES section

7.3 An example REFERENCES section

7.4 Key to the example REFERENCES section

7.5 Electronic references

7.5.1 Published material obtained electronically

7.5.2 Unpublished material obtained electronically

7.6 Appendices

8 Producing the final version of the report

8.1 Writing style

8.2 Definitions and abbreviations

8.3 References in the text

8.3.1 Using et al. properly

8.3.2 Quotations and plagiarism

8.4 Tables and figures

8.5 Graphing data

8.5.1 One IV with two levels

8.5.2 Error bars

8.5.3 One IV with more than two levels

8.5.4 More than one IV

8.5.5 Tips to help you produce better graphs

8.6 Drafting the report

8.7 Producing the final version

Check list for report writing

What the marker is looking for

Mistakes to avoid

Part 2 Design and statistics

9 Experiments, correlation and description

9.1 Experimenting

9.1.1 The experiment

9.1.2 Experimental and control conditions

9.1.3 Control: eliminating confounding variables

9.1.4 Experimental and null hypotheses

9.1.5 More on controlling variables

9.2 Correlation

9.3 Description

Consolidating your learning

10 Basic experimental design

10.1 Unrelated and related samples independent

variables

10.2 Other names for unrelated and related samples

independent variables

10.3 Deciding whether to use related or unrelated

samples

10.4 Related samples

10.4.1 Advantages

10.4.2 Disadvantages

10.4.3 Controlling for order effects

10.5 Principal alternatives to related samples

10.6 Unrelated samples

10.6.1 Advantages

10.6.2 Disadvantages

10.6.3 Ways around these disadvantages

10.7 Matching participants

10.8 External validity

10.9 Internal validity

10.10 Ethics: The self-esteem and well-being of

your participants

10.10.1 Informed consent

10.10.2 Debriefing your participants

10.10.3 Studies on the Internet

10.10.4 Data confidentiality

Consolidating your learning

11 Statistics: significance testing

11.1 Inferential statistics

11.2 Testing for statistical significance

11.3 Type I and type II errors

11.4 Choosing a stati