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Preface to the third edition

List of symbols

Chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet

How to use this book

1 Introduction

2 The production of speech sounds

2.1 Articulators above the larynx

2.2 Vowel and consonant

2.3 English short vowels

3 Long vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs

3.1 Long and short vowels

3.2 Diphthongs

3.3 Triphthongs

4 Voicing and consonants

4.1 The larynx

4.2 Respiration and voicing

4.3 Plosives

4.4 English plosives

4.5 Fortis and lenis

5 The phoneme

5.1 The phoneme

5.2 Symbols and transcription

5.3 Phonology

6 Fricatives and affricates

6.1 Production of fricatives and affricates

6.2 The fricatives of English

6.3 The affricates

6.4 Fortis consonants

7 Nasals and other consonants

7.1 Nasals

7.2 The consonant 1

7.3 The consonant r

7.4 The consonants j and w

8 The syllable

8.1 The nature of the syllable

8.2 The structure of the English syllable

8.3 Syllable division

8.4 Practical conclusions

9 Strong and weak syllables

9.1 Strong and weak

9.2 The e vowel ("schwa")

9.3 Close front and close back vowels

9.4 Syllabic consonants

10 Stress in simple words

10.1 The nature of stress

10.2 Levels of stress

10.3 Placement of stress within the word

11 Complex word stress

11.1 Complex words

11.2 Suffixes

11.3 Prefaxes

11.4 Compound words

11.5 Variable stress

11.6 Word-class pairs

12 Weak forms

13 Problems in phonemic analysis

13.1 Affricates

13.2 The English vowel system

13.3 Syllabic consonants

13.4 Clusters of s plus plosives

13.5 Schwa (e)

13.6 Distinctive features

13.7 Conclusion

14 Aspects of connected speech

14.1 Rhythm

14.2 Assimilation

14.3 Elision

14.4 Linking

15 Intonation 1

15.1 Form and function in intonation

15.2 Tone and tone languages

15.3 Complex tones and pitch height

15.4 Some functions of English tones

16 Intonation 2

16.1 The tone-unit

16.2 The structure of the tone-unit

16.3 Pitch possibilities in the simple tone-unit

17 Intonation 3

17.1 Fall-rise and rise-fall tones followed by a tail

17.2 High and low heads

17.3 Problems in analysing the form of intonation

17.4 Autosegmental treatment of intonation

18 Functions of intonation 1

18.1 The attitudinal function of intonation

19 Functions of intonation 2

19.1 The accentual function of intonation

19.2 The grammatical function of intonation

19.3 The discourse function of intonation

19.4 Conclusions

20 Further areas of study in phonetics and phonology

20.1 Laboratory phonetics

20.2 The study of variety

Recorded exercises

Unit 2: English short vowels

Unit 3: Long vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs

Unit 4: Plosives

Unit 5: Revision

Unit 6: Fricatives and affricates

Unit 7: Further consonants

Unit 8: Consonant clusters

Unit 9: Weak syllables

Unit 10: Word stress

Unit 11: Complex word stress

Unit 12: Weak forms

Unit 13: Revision

Unit 14: Elisions

Unit 15: Tones

Unit 16: The tone-unit

Unit 17: Intonation

Unit 18: Intonation: extracts from conversation

Unit 19: Transcription of connected speech

Unit 20: Further practice on connected speech

Answers to written exercises

Answers to recorded exercises

Recommendations for general reading

Bibliography

Index